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Trauma or injury to the skull or spinal cord occurs most commonly due to vehicular accidents. Other reasons for injuries remain fall from height, fall of heavy object over the body or any cause we attribute as accidental. The injuries to brain and spine can be minor , major or critical which will necessitate urgent intervention. Surgery for such Brain injuries is required only under special circumstances like open fractures, blood clots or large swelling of the brain lobe. Surgery is spinal injuries is required if there is fracture , dislocation or imminent threat to limb function. The neurosurgeon is best trained to determine the need for such surgeries and also timing them so as to minimise damage and ensure recovery.

Brain tumors are now increasingly diagnosed due to the easy accessibility of CT scan and MRI scans. There are different types of tumors found affecting the brain. Broadly they are benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous). All the types of tumors can be effectively dealt with if diagnosed in the early stage. The location, size and the proximity to critical areas in the brain decide about the outcomes of an operation. The surgery for Brain tumors has become safe due to improvements in anaesthesia, Imaging techniques, Intra-operative neuro-monitoring and tools like CUSA. Patients do feel very little pain or discomfort & hospital stay is a short.

Pituitary Tumors - Surgery for tumors arising from the pituitary gland . the pituitary gland lies at the base of the brain in a small bony impression called as the sella. The pituitary gland is responsible for the overall control of hormones regulating the various bodily functions ( thyroid, adrenals, gonads-ovaries & testes). Tumors arising from the pituitary gland can present with hormonal disturbances, eyesight problems (reduction in visual field)and other non-specific problems like headaches or giddiness. All these problems can arise slowly or may manifest suddenly due to bleeding inside the pituitary gland( pituitary apoplexy). Surgery is needed for tumors which are not responsive to medications or if the tumor is causing pressure on the optic nerves giving rise to visual problems. Surgery for pituitary adenomas is most commonly performed through the nostril with an endoscope or microscope. Patients need hospital stay for 4-5 days approximately. close monitoring of hormones is required in the post operative period.